Fallout from the Airbus bribery scandal reverberated around the world as the head of one of its top buyers temporarily stood down and investigations were launched in countries aggrieved at being dragged into the increasingly political dispute.

The European planemaker is bracing for a rocky period with airlines and foreign governments, some of which have complained they were not forewarned about the charges and said they had little knowledge of the sums of money swirling around their fleet purchases.

Airbus agreed on Friday to pay a record $4bn in fines after reaching a plea bargain with prosecutors in the United Kingdom, France and United States over alleged bribery and corruption stretching back at least 15 years.

"Friday was the end of Act I, now we are seeing the beginning of Act II with possible repercussions on airline relationships," a person close to the company told the Reuters news agency.

Airbus declined to comment further after welcoming the agreement on Friday as an opportunity to "turn the page".

Prosecution documents agreed by Airbus detailed a global network of agents or middlemen in transactions across the group's business and run from a cell in Paris where the group had part of its headquarters, split between France and Germany.

Outlines of the operation and its annual budget of 250 million to 300 million euros ($277m to $332m) had been reported by Reuters.

Prosecutors also cited parallel projects or investments alongside some negotiations, including the sponsorship by Airbus' then-parent EADS of a Formula 1 team owned by top officials at Malaysia-based AirAsia, an important customer.

Shares in AirAsia fell up to 11 per cent.

AirAsia Group said Chief Executive Officer Tony Fernandes and Chairman Kamarudin Meranun would step aside for at least two months while the airline and Malaysian government probed allegations.

In a joint statement, the two co-founders of Asia's largest budget airline denied any wrongdoing or misconduct.

"We would not harm the very companies that we spent our entire lives building up to their present global status," they said.

Fernandes, one of aviation's best-known executives, already faces domestic pressure after backing former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2018 elections. Najib was overthrown by Mahathir Mohamad, prompting Fernandes to apologise for backing the losing candidate.

Inquiries launched

In Ghana, a political storm erupted over accusations of Airbus payments to a relative of a government official in connection with the purchase of military transport planes.

The UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) said the agent had no aerospace experience, having previously worked in football merchandising and as a facilities manager. It did not say what the agent, who had been helped by two unnamed British television actors, did with the money.

President Nana Akufo-Addo’s office said Ghana would "conduct a prompt inquiry to determine the complicity or otherwise of any Ghanaian government official, past or present".

The National Democratic Congress (NDC), which was in power at the time, said claims that Airbus paid bribes were false.

In Colombia, airline Avianca said it had hired a law firm to investigate its relationship with Airbus and determine if it had been a victim of wrongdoing.

French prosecutors said in settlement documents that Airbus had agreed to pay multi-million dollar commissions to an agent over jet sales to Avianca, some of which were earmarked for a senior executive at the airline’s parent Avianca Holdings.

The payments were thwarted by a freeze on agent commissions as Airbus tightened processes in 2014, they said.

Avianca is ultimately owned by Synergy Group, formerly the vehicle of Bolivian-born entrepreneur German Efromovich who bought the airline out of bankruptcy in 2004 and grew it to become Latin America's second-largest. He lost control of Synergy in 2019. Contacted by Reuters, Efromovich declined to comment.

Sri Lankan President Gotabaya Rajapaksa ordered a full investigation after the UK's SFO reported that Airbus had hired the wife of a SriLankan Airlines executive as its intermediary in connection with aircraft negotiations.

Airbus misled UK export credit agency UKEF over her name and gender while paying her company $2m, the SFO said.

Korean Air and Taiwan's China Airlines declined to comment on allegations of payments to intermediaries over the jet purchases.

Settlements in France and the US also trained a spotlight on dealings in China, which tends to be supplied through large plane orders coinciding with state visits.

Prosecutor findings issued with the settlement detailed alleged bribery and hospitality paid for using money diverted from a pilot-training fund, into which Airbus made payments.

Analysts had said Airbus is poised to win more business in China as a result of recent US-Chinese trade tensions, though the prospect of a trade deal has also boosted rival US planemaker Boeing Co.

Chinese aviation officials, many affected by an order to government officials to work at home due to the coronavirus outbreak, could not be reached for comment. But the foreign ministry said, "China has always attached great importance to its cooperation with France in the aviation industry".