Record commodity prices and low global interest rates have encouraged African countries to borrow as they did in the 1990s, but now some are struggling to pay up as their revenue slows along with economic growth.

The debt of governments as a percentage of gross domestic product in sub-Saharan Africa has doubled in the past decade, heading back toward the level it reached in 2000.

International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva said in November that this is a cause for concern.

Of the 54 countries on the African continent, 20 are near or at distressed levels, according to the IMF, which means they face difficulties honouring their obligations.

African governments have raised about $26 billion in international markets this year, from close to $30 billion in 2018, as they took advantage of investors’ thirst for returns in a world awash with negative yields.

Volatile currencies across the continent increase the risks of borrowing in hard currency and the rising cost of serving debt could crowd out other expenditure in a region that is home to more than half of the world’s poor people.

“The conditions are ripe for a much higher level of debt distress,” Sonja Gibbs, head of sustainable finance at the Institute of International Finance, said by phone. “Whatever triggers the next crisis, when it happens, you are likely to see a high degree of contagion risk because investors have been moving into higher-yielding assets.”

Still, the continent is far from a debt crisis, its biggest multilateral lender says.

“Some individual countries are getting to higher levels in terms of debt-to-GDP ratios, that’s the concern,” African Development Bank President Akinwumi Adesina said in an interview. The debt-to-GDP ratio of Africa is still “well within acceptable limits,” he said.

Costly Debt

More reliance on commercial bonds has raised servicing costs, diverting funds that could be spent on new roads or schools. Nigeria, the continent’s top oil producer, spends about the same amount every year on repaying debt as it does on infrastructure.

Countries such as South Africa, the continent’s most industrialized economy, are raising debt levels and this year had its biggest Eurobond issuance yet to help plug a widening budget deficit as economic growth slows and public-sector wages and bailouts for state companies sap resources.

External debt payments now eat up on average about 13% of the revenue of African governments from 4.7% in 2010, according to data compiled by the U.K.-based Jubilee Debt Campaign.

Overspending and crashing commodity prices in the 1990s led to a debt crisis that prompted multilateral lenders and rich nations to write off the obligations of dozens of African countries in 2005. This time around a debt pardon may not be that easy.

The complex debt structure with opaque terms and mix of different creditors will make any potential restructuring agreement more difficult.

“We’re concerned that debt relief might now become more complicated,” said Jan Friederich, a senior director at Fitch Ratings. “Nowadays there is a greater concern that governments when they forgive any debts, might not actually help the African countries very much, but might primarily be bailing out the commercial creditors.”