Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Tanzania may be denying smaller EAC economies a chance at regional trade by levying irregular excise duty.

A study on discriminative taxes in the East African Community shows that Burundi and South Sudan, whose economies are smaller than the other four EAC counterparts, have been unable to make good sales in the region due to the irregular excise.

In East Africa, excise duty is imposed on goods manufactured in a partner state by a licensed manufacturer; services supplied in the partner state by a licensed person; or goods imported into the partner states.

Excisable commodities include bottled water, soft drinks, cigarettes, alcohol, fuels and motor vehicles.

Discriminatory taxes

“Regarding discriminatory taxes in the intra-EAC trade, the EAC Customs Union Protocol is very clear that such practices are not allowed,” said Dr Pantaleo Joseph Kessy, principal economist at the East African Community Secretariat during a webinar on February 13.

According to the study, commissioned by the East African Business Council (EABC) and supported by Trade Mark Africa and Netherlands, governments of EAC partner states failed to adhere to Article 15:2 of the EAC Customs Union Protocol by imposing different taxes each financial year.

“No partner state shall impose, directly or indirectly, on the products of other partner states any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed, directly or indirectly, on similar domestic products,” the protocol states.

"If this article is strictly adhered to by EAC partner states, we would not be here talking about discriminatory taxes," said Dr Kessy.

Harmonise excise duties
EABC chief executive John Bosco Kalisa reinforced the need for EAC states to harmonise excise duties to prevent trade disputes.

“The Protocol on the Establishment of the EAC clearly defines excise duty as a non-discriminative duty imposed by partner state on locally produced or similar imported goods,” he said.

When the taxes are not harmonised, intra-EAC trade takes a hit as one country may end up benefitting more than another, which bars the agenda of having a common trading bloc.

“Illicit trade, which occurs through the smuggling of excisable goods, presence of counterfeit products and tax stamps, or through diversion of export products into the local market, may thrive,” noted Kalisa.

Other contentions

Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Kenya have come under close scrutiny for levying and adjusting different excise duty each year without consultations, hampering free movement of goods, services, capital and workers.

“There is also a general alignment among all respondents that excise duty is charged on a large number of goods and services that are not deemed “luxurious” such as financial services, telecommunication products and services, imported pasta, imported potatoes, imported onions, and imported phones, among others,” the draft study report that was released last week reveals.

The most abused tax regime is the excise duty, and Kenya is on the spot for frequent increments on alcohol, tobacco, fuels, motor vehicle, juices, airtime and internet services.

Kenya's frequent duty increase on alcohol has seen the East African Breweries Ltd record a drop in sales in its largest market, as struggling Kenyans reduced their spend on alcohol.

The National Treasury Cabinet Secretary Njuguna Ndung’u increased duty on wines, spirits and alcohol in his January 2023 tax proposals, which has made beer more expensive in Kenya compared to neighbours Tanzania and Uganda.

Sin tax effect

“The recommended retail selling price for a bottle of Tusker, for example, is Sh190. A similar product in Uganda and Tanzania is selling at an equivalent of Ksh100,” Eric Kiniti, East African Breweries Group corporate relations director said in a recent interview.

“Out of this Ksh190 ($1.51), about Ksh107 ($0.85) is actually tax – excise, VAT and what we pay as corporation tax,” he said.

EABL’s financial results for the half year ended December 31 show that net sales regressed by 1 per cent in Kenya, in contrast to subsidiaries in Uganda and Tanzania where sales grew by 19 per cent and 11 per cent, respectively.

Financial inclusion

According to the study, excise duty on items like bank transactions defeats the financial inclusion agenda.

“Being conscious of the fact that excise duty is commonly a sin tax, the study recommends continuing adopting the hybrid structure of excise duty rates,” the study reads.

“This study also recommends removing excise duty on all non-harmful goods, and services such telecommunication products/services as well as financial services and introducing environmental taxes such as carbon tax to account for the revenue leakage,” the report recommends.

A pre-budgetary tax reform proposal by Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Rwanda for the 2023-24 fiscal year indicates plans to either increase or decrease a cross section of tax regimes that are likely to affect business in the region.

“From January 1, 2023, Kenya increased its capital gains tax from five percent to a whopping 15 percent while also exempting from VAT plant and machinery imported by manufacturers or investors in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products,” the report notes.

Electronic communication

The report reveals that Tanzania’s plans to reduce excise duty on electronic communication.

“Pre-budgetary tax reform proposals have been made by various stakeholders among the different EAC partner states for the fiscal year 2023-24, with Tanzanian taxpayers looking to a reduced excise duty rate on electronic communication services from 17 to 10 percent as well as increase the VAT registration threshold to TZS300m ($128,000),” the report says.

In Uganda, there are proposals for expansion of VAT exemption to include assistive devices for persons with disabilities, supply of airport user services and the supply of oxygen for medical use.

PAYE bands

In Rwanda, there is a review of PAYE bands and VAT on digital supply is to be introduced but with a transitional period.

Unlike other EAC countries, South Sudan imports most of the items that are excisable. These include cigarettes, buses, motorcycles, motor vehicles, soft drinks (except water), beers and wines.

Considering that South Sudan is a young economy, the tax base for excise duty is not as broad as other EAC states.

“For some of the respondents we interviewed like MTN South Sudan, it was highlighted that excise duty is the biggest tax expense they have,” the report reveals.

“This goes to show the disparity in the harmonisation of different taxes, especially excise duty, given that different items are classified differently among the excise duty acts in different partner states,” said Sabato Mwaliki, Tax manager KPMG, Tanzania.

Excise duty on beer products whose alcohol content exceeds six per cent went up to $1.07 per litre, from $0.97).

Wines attract duty at the rate of Ksh229 ($1.82) per litre from Ksh208.20 ($1.66).

Spirits with an alcoholic content of more than six percent are attracting excise duty at Ksh335.30 ($2.67) per litre, up from Ksh278.70 ($2.22).