In the midst of the pandemic, Facebook[1] (and partners) announced 2Africa[2] a new subsea cable. About the same time last year, Google also announced a subsea cable called Equaino[3]. Both cables have been presented as (better) connecting Africa to the world – that is factually inaccurate.

The diagrams below by Steve Song[4] under the auspices of Many Possibilities[5] gives you a historical account of Africa been connected to the world by subsea cables since 2001 through SAT3[6] – a consortium of majority Africa owned telecom operators[7].

As per the second diagram Google and Facebook are building the 19th and 20th cables which would be live in Q4 2021 and Q4 2023 respectively.

Hence Facebook and Google cannot be connecting Africa to the world in 2020 – at best their two new cables could serve as redundancy to the existing ones as well as provide capacity in the future.

In 2001, SAT3 and all other subsea cables were built through a club consortium which meant if you did not belong to the club you could not play.

The club consortiums then set a high price tag for their fiber because they had a monopoly in the markets. In 2004 I started a movement under the auspices of the Ghana Internet Service Providers Association (GISPA)[8] and Africa Internet Service Providers Association (AfrISPA) both of which I co-founded to dismantle these consortiums and monopolies with the intent to drive down the price of connectivity to make broadband more accessible and affordable.[9] Our first victory was in November 2004 when GISPA signed an agreement with Ghana Telecom to reduce the cost of SAT3 by 1/3.[10] GISPA then led the establishment of the Ghana Internet eXchange (GIX[11]) to keep local Internet traffic in Ghana.

AfrISPA members followed the GISPA lead and started negotiating for cheaper prices as well as building their local internet exchanges to keep Internet traffic with their countries.

In 2005, Russell Southwood, Anders Comstedt and I wrote “Open Access Models: Options for Improving backbone access in developing countries” for the WorldBank in which we presented an alternative approach to club consortiums and monopolies for the development of fiber networks.[12] I followed this up in 2006 by writing one[13] of two[14] missives that made the case for “Open Access” communications infrastructure in Africa. Come 2007 I got invited by Dr. Bitange Ndemo[15] to join the founding team that launch The East Africa Marine System (TEAMS[16]) based on the open access model we had developed – a first in East Africa with Kenya as the nexus.[17] 2009 saw the arrivals of the TEAMS and SEACOM[18] cables – by 2013 ten more subsea cables went live.

According to Paul Hamilton of African Bandwidth Maps[19], Africa’s total subsea design capacity at 2018 was 226.461 Tbps with the sold international bandwidth at 10.962 Tbps, including subsea capacity at 10.470 Tbps and terrestrial cross-border capacity to submarine cables at 479 Gbps.[20] As per the map above we have 18 cables with Google building the 19th and Facebook the 20th so the economic impact of subsea cables which Facebook funded[21] RTI International to undertake[22] should be attributing the impact to the existing cables and not the ones that are not yet in existence. As Gillian Marcelle, PhD, Managing Member of Resilience Capital Ventures LLC said “the days for us Africans waiting for a savior are LONG gone….and then rendering us invisible….don’t quote a study that speaks about the correlations between economic output and connectivity….the Maitland report did that and if you don’t know where our thinking and actions has moved since then, ask somebody”.

This is the problem – we have way too much capacity on the beach and not enough inland to connect to the wireless and cellphone networks to drive broadband to the masses. What Africa NEEDS today is terrestrial fiber to drive the existing subsea cable capacity inland to improve the broadband capacity of the wireless and cellphone networks.

Liquid Telecom which is part of the Econet Group owned by Strive Masiyiwa has been in the forefront of building terrestrial cross-border fiber networks across the continent – they have the most extensive network from Cape Town to Cairo but yet to cover West Africa as per the map below.[23] We need three or four more of such networks to not only increase the capacity but provide competition to drive down the price of cross-border bandwidth.

CSquared which counts Google as one of its investors is building metro fibers in Ghana, Liberia, and Uganda. Others like Wannachi Group in Kenya, DFA in South Africa, Smartnet in Zambia, Spectrum Fiber in Ghana, Phase3 Telecom in Nigeria, etc and in some cases the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are also building metro and national fiber networks.

We are also seeing the growth of data centers to host the applications being developed by digital innovators that drive consumption of the bandwidth being built. The African Internet eXchange System (AXIS) which was founded by AfrISPA and implemented by the AU is growing the Internet fabric by increasing the routing of local traffic on the continent.[24]

In Ghana the Internet Clearing House (ICH) by Afriwave Telecom[25] is created the framework for deploying local value-added services that the government and other institutions can take advantage of – this would drive the growth of local content.

As we know “content is king” so as we develop more localized African content that is hosted in the data centers and networks on the continent, we would need less and less international bandwidth. Hence my argument that Africa does not need additional subsea cables but rather more terrestrial fiber to improve the existing capacity whiles driving prices down to offer an amazing broadband experience.