Based on the simplest definition of a failed state, I would like to submit that Ghana nearly found itself in the doldrums of a failed state between 2012 and 2016 largely due to the unspeakable dumsor which threatened the security of the country and the livelihoods of most Ghanaians.

The simplest definition of a failed state is one that cannot provide its basic responsibility such as electricity which is a security threat to a nation.

According to the Failed States Index, some of the states most in danger of failing include states like Nicaragua, Brazil, Sudan, and North Korea, due to corruption. States like Libya, Iraq, Pakistan and Siberia are in danger of failing because of rebellion. Other states including Nigeria and Nepal are at risk because of democratic collapse. States including Iraq, Yemen and Turkey are in danger to religious and ethnic conflicts (see: https://worldpopulationreview.com › country-rankings).

In fact, it would only take a disputatious character to contend that the good people of Ghana have soon forgotten and forgiven the Mahama and NDC administration for negligently keeping Ghanaians in darkness and collapsing businesses through dumsor for well over four years.

Indeed, we cannot deny or ignore the fact that as a result of the mismanagement of the economy by the erstwhile Mahama administration, dumsor regrettably crippled businesses for well over four years.

So it was absolutely necessary for any leader to take the relevant steps to bring the situation under control.

Thus the practicable solution back then, was for the Mahama administration to sign Power Purchasing Agreements to augment the existing power capacity and purchase fuel to generate power.

However, the crucial question every discerning Ghanaian should be asking is: in our desperation to rectify the anomaly, did we have to incur extraneous cost?

Some of us were taken aback when the then Finance Minister, Ken Ofori-Atta, announced in parliament that Ghana has spent well over $939 million on the excess incurred on the Power Purchasing Agreements signed by the erstwhile Mahama administration.

According to the former Finance Minister, Ken Ofori-Atta, the $939 million was the cost of the excess capacity paid to only three companies.

Given that only three of the companies were paid in excess of $939 million within a short space of time, it was prudent for the Akufo-Addo administration to terminate eleven out of the thirty Power Purchasing Agreements signed by the Mahama administration.

That being said, we cannot state somewhat anecdotally that every ‘Take or Pay Agreement’ is nauseatingly inappropriate or unnecessary, far from it.

Nevertheless, in the case of the erstwhile Mahama administration excess Power Purchasing Agreements, the interests of Ghanaians were not taken into consideration when signing the extraneous and relatively expensive agreements.

The fact, therefore, is, by entering into ‘Take or Pay’ deal, Ghanaian consumers are unfairly being forced to pay exorbitant electricity tariffs.

More so, the seemingly impetuous argument by the exponents of the ‘Take or Pay’ agreement’s that we can sell the excess power to the neighbouring countries does not hold water, as a matter of fact.

This is because according to the experts, among all the neighbouring African countries, Ghana has the most expensive power generation.

There are those who also propounded somewhat incoherently and tentatively that instead of paying over $939 million from our coffers, we could have sold to the neighbouring countries at a reduced price.

Well, the proponents of the seemingly revoltingly ugly business proposal may have a point after all, given the financial strain on the country.

However, the crucial question we should be asking the ‘Take or Pay’ exponents is: does it really make a business sense at all to deliberately purchase a product at a high price and sell at a loss?

Again, why must the Mahama administration fecklessly sign excessive, albeit expensive Power Purchasing Agreements with a view of selling the excess at a loss?

With all due respect, wasn’t that a sign of lousy governance? I may ask.

If you may remember, a few years ago, the Akufo-Addo/Bawumia administration terminated eleven out of the thirty Power Purchasing Agreements (PPAs) signed during the erstwhile Mahama administration (see: ‘Gov't terminates 11 Power Purchasing Agreements signed under Mahama’; Michael Creg Afful/ghanaweb.com, 21/09/2019).

The decision to cancel the superfluous agreements was as a result of the recommendation by a review committee assembled by the Ministry of Energy to review all the Power Purchasing Agreements signed by the Mahama administration.

The Committee recommended that eight Power Purchasing Agreements with a combined capacity of 2070 Mega Watts can go ahead without modification, whereas four of them with a combined capacity of 1,810 MW be deferred to 2025.

The Committee also recommended that three Power Purchasing Agreements with a combined capacity of 1,150MW should be deferred beyond 2020.

Shockingly, however, the then Energy Minister, John-Peter Amewu, revealed that it would have cost Ghana some US$402.39million if the eleven Power Purchasing Agreements had been kept.

John-Peter Amewu revealed: "Pursuant to the review exercise, Government stands to make significant savings from the deferment and /or termination of the reviewed PPAs. The estimated cost of the termination is US$402.39 million, compared to an average annual capacity cost of US$586million each year or a commutative cost of $7.217 billion from 2018 to 2030. This yields an estimated savings of $6.8billion over the 13 year period."

In fact, Mr Amewu was absolutely right for asserting that the Mahama administration was reckless in signing Power Purchasing Agreements without taking into consideration the financial implications on Ghanaians.

Interestingly, Mr John-Peter Amewu disclosed that if the 26 Power Purchasing Agreements with a combined capacity of 8116 MW were to be deployed in addition to the existing generation capacity from hydro, the VRA plants at Aboadze and Tema, and the TICO, it would have resulted in a total installed capacity of about 11,000 MW.

Mr Amewu thus asserted: "This will by far be more than the current peak demand of 2400MW. Even an annual growth in demand of 10%, our country will not be able to utilize this capacity in two decades (source: Michael Creg Afful/ghanaweb.com, 2018).”

The overarching question some of us will continue to pose is: was the decision by the Mahama administration to sign the excess Power Purchasing Agreements borne out of negligence, recklessness or what?

In sum, I would like to believe that Mahama administration’s tentative and irrational decision to sign the excessive Power Purchasing Agreements which resulted in a needless cost of over $939 million per year was borne out of recklessness and sheer incompetence.

K. Badu, UK.

k.badu2011@gmail.com