I have observed keenly that there is a wide range of sugar desserts in the Gambia. This is a great concern for public health. I was amazed to see the quantity of sugar one man added to his attaya on fire.

I had to step in to educate the group about the dangers of the high sugar content in attaya tea. I emphasised the numerous health benefits of attaya without sugar. But this does not only pertain to attaya. It is evident in all the desserts I have tasted in the Gambia. I think it is time we educate the public on the dangers associated with high sugar consumption in the Gambia though several studies have linked high sugar intake to cardiovascular disease, cancers and many others.

Surprisingly, it appears the situation is lower in the Gambia. There could be diferences in the sugar intake in the advaneced countries and developing ones such as the Gambia, Ghana and others. I think in the west, sugar is added to all processed foods and snacks; besides, everyone eats a lot of sweets. In the Gambia, I think that most people eat fresher foods, not so much processed.

For instance, one recent study by Koller and Agyemang (2020) reports that the obesity prevalence ranged in the Gambia is about 2.3 percent to 11.7 percent. On the other hand, diabetes was 0.3 percent. Hypertension prevalence ranged from 18.3 percent to 29 percent. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia ranged from 2.2 percent to 29.1 percent.

The prevalence of smoking ranged from 16 percent to 42.2 percent in men. Prevalence of insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, inadequate physical activity and alcohol consumption was 77.8 percent, 14.6 percent and 2.3 percent, respectively.

An older study by Bah et al.(2001) evaluates the incidence of cancer in The Gambia over 10 years using data collected through the Gambian National Cancer Registry.

The data accumulated show a low overall rate of cancer incidence compared to more developed parts of the world. The overall age-standardised incidence rates (ASR) were 61.0 and 55.7 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively. In males, liver cancer was most frequent, comprising 58 percent of cases (ASR 35.7) followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 5.4 percent (ASR 2.4), lung 4 percent (ASR 2.8) and prostate cancers 3.3 percent (ASR 2.5) . The most frequent cancers in females were cervix uteri 34mpercent (ASR 18.9), liver 19.4 percent (ASR 11.2), breast 9.2 percent (ASR 5.5) and ovary 3.2 percent (ASR 1.6).

The data indicate that cancers of the liver and cervix are the most prevalent cancers, and are likely to be due to infectious agents. According to the latest WHO data published in 2020, prostate cancer deaths in Gambia reached 21 or 0.16 percent of total deaths annually, with a world rank (156). The incidence rate is about 6.08 percent as juxtaposed Ghana, where incidence reached 1,031 or 0.59 percent of total deaths, the rate is 24.21 percent annually with world rank(50).

Ghana, though, has a higher life expectancy rate as compared to Gambia (64.11 and 62. 61 percent). Many factors account for these disparities. However, Nigeria has a lower life expectancy (52.89 percent).

Though sugar in a small amount is fine for you. Too much consumption is seen in the Gambia, which is a huge concern to me as a holistic and preventive health practitioner. Sugar impacts just about every organ system in the body.

Hence, in this article, I examine the science behind sugar and its negative effect on the body.

Sugar, science

Weight Gain

A recent study by Faruque et al. (2019) affirmed that added sugar in our diets is contributing to the current obesity incidence globally. Sugar-sweetened drinks like sodas, juices and sweet teas are loaded with fructose, a type of simple sugar. Thus, Luo et al. (2015) study agreed that fructose allows us to eat more food, thus increasing our glucose level – the chief sugar in our starchy foods. On the other hand, leptin, a key hormone that regulates our hunger drive to avert eating, is affected by our intake of fructose in animal studies (Aslam et al. 2021).

Two recent studies (Malik and Hu, 2022; Neelakantan et al. 2021) found that the more we eat sugary diets, it leads to weight gain and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, Ma et al. (2016) found that the more we drink sugar-sweetened beverages, we predispose ourselves to more visceral fat, a kind of deep belly fat linked to diabetes and heart disease.

Heart diseases

Three studies, for instance, (Neelakantan et al. 2021; Janzi1 et al. 2020; WHO, 2020) report that the increase of heart disease as the number one cause of death is linked to high-sugar diets. A previous study (DiNicolantonio et al. (2016)) agreed that high-sugar diets can trigger obesity, inflammation, triglycerides, blood sugar and blood pressure levels. Another (Kolderup and Svihus, 2015) notes that too much sugar, from sugar-sweetened drinks, is associated with atherosclerosis.

One human study (Janzi et al. 2020) evaluated 25,877 adults and found that those who ate sugar stood the chance of getting heart disease and coronary problems compared to those who ate less sugar. It can also increase stroke by just eating about eight servings per week of sugar-sweetened beverages.

Just one 12-ounce (473-ml) can of soda contains 39 grams of sugar, which equates to 8 percent of your daily calorie consumption, based on a 2,000-calorie diet (https://us.coca-cola.com/products/coca-cola/original). This means that one sugary drink a day can bring you close to the recommended daily limit for added sugar.

Acne

The report has it that if you want to develop acne, just eat refined carbs, including sugary foods and drinks. Atkinson et al. (2021) notes that diets with a higher glycemic index, like processed sweets, raise blood sugar more rapidly than foods with a lower glycemic index. Kucharska et al.(2016) also held the view that sugary foods can cause a spike in blood sugar and insulin levels, leading to increased androgen secretion, oil production and inflammation — all of which play a role in acne development.

On the other hand, low-glycemic diets were found to decrease acne risk; and high-glycemic diets are associated with a higher acne risk (Baldwin et al. 2021). For instance, one study by Penso et al. (2020) evaluated over 24,452 individuals and reported that taking fatty and sugary products, sugary beverages and milk was linked with acne in adults.

Finally, Campbell and Strassmann (2016) found that rural communities that consume traditional, non-processed foods have much lower rates of acne compared to more urban, high-income areas where processed food is part of a standard diet. This supports the doctrine that diets high in processed, sugar-laden foods contribute to the development of acne.

Type 2 diabetes

An old study by Rolfe et al.(1992) assessed the register of diabetic patients attending the Royal Victoria Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia, and data on hospital admissions recorded over 1 year. Two hundred and sixty-nine patients (110 men, 159 women) were registered, of whom 66 (25 percent) were receiving insulin. Seventy-five patients (28 percent: 40 men, 35 women) were newly diagnosed. There were 95 hospital admissions (5.2 percent) related to diabetes, as were a fifth of medical out-patient attendances.

The World Data Atlas ( Knoema. 2021) reports that Gambia diabetes prevalence was 1.9 percent in 2021, down by 0 percent from 2011. Diabetes prevalence refers to the percentage of people aged 20-79 years who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF,2022) also reports that the Gambia has a total adult population of 1,126,000, and the prevalence of diabetes in adults represents 1.6 percent. The total number of cases of diabetes in adults in the population is 18,100. The IDF is an umbrella organisation of over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. The federation has been leading the global diabetes community since 1950.

The World Health Organisation (WHO, 2022) predicts that about 4 percent of The Gambian population could be diabetic by 2030.

On the global front, Lin et al. (2020) assert that diabetes is a leading cause of mortality and reduced life expectancy. The incidence rate has over-doubled in the past 30 years, and could even go up more. Rippe and Angelopoulos (2016) study also found that too much sugar has been connected with an increased risk of diabetes. Though we cannot pinpoint the fact that sugar consumption causes diabetes, there are strong connections.

This is because eating too much sugar could indirectly raise diabetes risk by contributing to weight gain and increased body fat — both of which are risks for developing diabetes (Stanhope, K, 2015). On the other side, Leitner et al. (2017) study also found that obesity is regarded as a result of too much sugar and is considered the strongest risk factor for diabetes.

High-sugar consumption also drives resistance to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance causes blood sugar levels to rise and strongly increases the risk of diabetes. Drouin-Chartier et al. (2019) research established that people who drink sugar-sweetened beverages have a high propensity to get diabetes. The study further found that those who took sugary beverages for over 4 years have a higher risk for type 2 diabetes.

Cancer risk

It has been established that too much sugar could increase some cancers. This is because too much sugar increases obesity and eventually could trigger some cancers (Crudele et al. 2021). Additionally, too much sugar rises inflammation in the body and could trigger insulin resistance, both rise cancer risk (Chiefari et al. 2021; Murata, 2018).

Makarem et al. (2018) review 37 prospective cohort studies and found that in two of five studies on added sugar, a 60 percent – 95 percent raises cancer risk. The same review found that in 8 of 15 studies on sugary foods and beverages, a 23 percent – 200 percent increased cancer risk was detected with greater sugary beverage consumption.

Other studies have found sugar intake to be linked to specific types of cancer. For instance, one human study (Miles et al. 2018) in 22,720 men over 9 years found that increased sugar consumption from sugar-sweetened beverages was linked to a higher risk of prostate cancer. On the other hand, Li et al. (2017) study linked oesophageal cancer with higher consumption of sucrose, or table sugar, and sweetened desserts and beverages. This is why sucrose should be limited in the Gambian sweetened desserts.

Depression

Two studies (Jacques et al. 2019; Knüppel et al. 2017) have linked too much sugar intake to cognitive impairments, memory problems and emotional disorders like anxiety and depression. This means that a healthy diet enhances brain health. On the other hand, a diet high in sugar affects our mood and emotions.

Reis et al. (2020) held the view that chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and a disrupted dopaminergic reward signalling system — all of which can be caused by increased sugar consumption — may contribute to sugar’s detrimental impact on mental health.

A human study (Knüppel et al. 2017) of 8,000 people found that men who consumed 67 grams or more of sugar per day were 23 percent more likely to develop depression than men who ate less than 40 grams per day. Another human study (Gangwisch et al. 2015) in over 69,000 women found that those who take high sugars had a significantly greater risk of depression, compared to those with the lowest intakes.

Speed skin, cellular ageing

Aragno and Mastrocola, (2017) study established that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are compounds formed by reactions between sugar and protein in our body, and they speed up skin ageing. The same authors further established that taking too much-refined carbs and sugar leads to the production of AGEs, which may cause your skin to age prematurely. This means that our skin wrinkles are a natural sign of skin ageing. They appear eventually, regardless of your health. But, poor food choices can worsen wrinkles and speed up the skin ageing process.

Also, Galiè et al. (2020) study found that eating too much sugar accelerates telomere shortening, which increases cellular ageing. For instance, a pilot study (Wojcicki et al. 2018) on 61 preschool-aged children found that too many sugar-sweetened beverages were connected to decreased telomere length, signifying cellular ageing.

Telomeres are structures found at the end of chromosomes, which are molecules that hold part or all of your genetic information. Telomeres act as protective caps, preventing chromosomes from deteriorating or fusing. One study by Boccardi et al. (2016) found that as we grow older, telomeres naturally shorten, which causes cells to age and malfunction. Although the shortening of telomeres is a natural part of ageing, certain lifestyle choices can speed up the process.

Too much sugar affects energy

Foods high in added sugar quickly spike blood sugar and insulin levels, leading to increased energy. However, this rise in energy levels is brief. Mantantzis et al. (2019) study found that sugar-loaded products that lack protein, fibre or fat lead to a brief energy boost followed by a sharp dip in blood sugar, often referred to as a crash. A previous study by O’Reilly et al.(2015) found that experiencing constant blood sugar swings can cause major fluctuations in energy levels.

Mantantzis et al. (2019) meta-analysis examining sugar’s effect on mood found that carbohydrate consumption, particularly sugar, lowers alertness within 60 minutes of consumption and increases fatigue within 30 minutes after consumption.

It has been recommended that to avoid this energy-draining cycle, choose carb sources that are low in added sugar and rich in fibre. Also, pairing carbs with protein or fat is another great way to keep your blood sugar and energy levels stable. For example, eating an apple along with a small handful of almonds is an excellent snack for prolonged, consistent energy levels.

Fatty liver

Too much fructose has been linked to an increased risk of fatty liver.

Fructose is a common type of sugar, with one major source being high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) used to sweeten soda, candy, baked goods, cereals and more. Muriel et al. (2021) study explained that unlike glucose and other types of sugar which are taken up by many cells throughout the body, fructose is specifically broken down by the liver. In the liver, fructose is converted into energy or stored as glycogen. However, the liver can only store so much glycogen before excess amounts are turned into fat.

Hence, Jensen et al. (2019) agreed that too much intake of added sugar in the form of fructose burden the liver; thus, leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) – a condition characterised by extreme fat build-up in the liver.

Another animal study (Jang et al. 2020) confirmed that feeding mice a high-fructose diet over time worsens their intestinal barrier, liver inflammation, liver tumors and signs of fatty livers juxtaposed to a control group.

The same study found that the same amount of fructose is more likely to lead to developing a fatty liver when consumed through beverages rather than food, and when consumed in a single setting compared to several doses spread over a longer amount of time. For instance, Ma et al. (2015) human study of over 5,900 adults found that people who drank sugar-sweetened beverages daily had a 56 percent higher risk of developing NAFLD, compared to people who did not.

Other health risks

Too much sugar could also harm you in other ways. For instance:

Raises kidney disease risk: Miao et al. (2021) found that fructose raises serum concentrations of urate; thus, increasing kidney disease. The inability to manage raised blood sugar levels can also damage the delicate blood vessels in your kidneys, increasing the risk of kidney disease (Melsom et al. 2016).

Bad dental health: Naorungroj S’s (2020) study notes that too much sugar can increase cavities. This is because bacteria in the mouth feed on sugar and release acid byproducts, which cause tooth demineralisation.

Gout: Gout is an inflammatory condition characterised by pain in the joints. A study (Ebrahimpour-Koujan et al. 2020) held that too many sugars raise uric acid levels in the blood, increasing the risk of developing or worsening gout.

How much to take

The heart.org recommends that;

Men should eat no more than 9 teaspoons (36 grams or 150 calories) of added sugar per day.

Women should eat no more than 6 teaspoons (25 grams or 150 calories)

Foods high in sugar include:

sweets, including candy, pie, cakes and cookies

dairy desserts like ice cream and milkshakes

soda

fruit juice

sports drinks

low-fat yogurt

condiments like ketchup, honey mustard, and bbq sauce

many common breakfast cereals

Added sugar is described by the same website as sugars that are added during the processing of foods, during preparation or at the table. For example, sucrose or dextrose added during food processing is an added sugar, as is honey used to sweeten tea at the kitchen table. “Added sugars” are listed separately on nutrition facts panels below the line for “total sugars”, making it easier to determine whether or not your food contains any added sugars.

Other possible names for sugar to look for:

Brown sugar

Anhydrous dextrose

Confectioner’s powdered sugar

Corn syrup

Corn syrup solids

Dextrose

Fructose

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)

Invert sugar

Lactose

Malt syrup

Maltose

Molasses

Nectars (for example, peach or pear nectar)

Pancake syrup

Raw sugar

Sucrose

Sugar

White granulated sugar

Brown sugar v white sugar

Both brown and white sugar are produced from either the sugarcane or sugar beet plant. However, brown sugar contains molasses, which is responsible for its unique flavour and appearance. Compared to white sugar, brown sugar is slightly higher in a few key micronutrients, which is thanks to the addition of molasses. In particular, each serving of brown sugar provides a small amount of iron, potassium, calcium and copper.

There are also slightly fewer calories in brown sugar, although the difference is minimal. While 100 grams of white sugar provides 387 calories, the same amount of brown sugar contains 380 calories. Keep in mind, however, that the nutritional differences between brown and white sugar are very small. Although brown sugar does contain a small amount of several vitamins and minerals, it is not considered a good source of these nutrients.

Additionally, because of its molasses content, brown sugar tends to harden faster than other types of sugar. Fortunately, if you ever find yourself in the process of whipping up a delicious brown sugar recipe only to find that the sugar in your cabinet has become hard and dense, there’s a simple solution. One of the easiest methods to soften brown sugar is to place a moist paper towel on top of the sugar and microwave for 20–30 seconds in a microwave-safe bowl. Then, simply use a fork to break up the chunks and help soften them up.

Types/varieties

Brown sugar comes in a different forms in the market.

I present some of the most common types as espoused by Rachel Link, 2020 article:

Light brown sugar: This type of sugar is made by adding a small amount of molasses to white sugar, which gives it a pale brown colour and mild flavour.

Dark brown sugar: Like light brown sugar, this form of sugar is made by adding molasses to white sugar. However, it contains a higher amount of molasses than lighter varieties, which is responsible for its dark colour and complex flavour.

Demerara sugar: This type of cane sugar is less refined than other kinds of sugar, giving it a light brown colour, subtle flavour and large, crystal-like grains.

Turbinado sugar: Also known as ‘raw sugar’, turbinado sugar is partially refined and contains a small amount of molasses, which provides a caramel-like flavour and brown hue.

Muscovado sugar: This form of sugar is unrefined, meaning it still contains molasses. This gives it a sandy, somewhat sticky texture, along with a darker colour and richer flavour than other types.

Nutrition

The brown sugar nutrition profile is high in calories and carbohydrates. It also contains a very small amount of micronutrients, such as calcium, copper and iron.

One teaspoon of packed brown sugar contains the following nutrients:

17.5 calories

4.5 grams carbohydrates

3.8 milligrams calcium (0.3 percent DV)

0.002 milligrams copper (0.2 percent DV)

0.033 milligrams iron (0.2 percent DV)

0.4 milligrams magnesium (0.1 percent DV)

0.003 milligrams manganese (0.1 percent DV)

0.006 milligrams pantothenic acid (0.1 percent DV)

6.1 milligrams potassium (0.1 percent DV)

0.05 micrograms selenium (0.1 percent DV)

0.002 milligrams of vitamin B6 (0.1 percent DV)

Healthy alternatives

As espoused by Rachel Links, (2020), these are the healthier alternative form of brown sugars you can choose just in case you still want some sugars in your desserts:

Stevia – This simple substitute for brown sugar is derived from the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana plant, a species that is native to several parts of South America. Like other non-nutritive sweeteners, such as sucralose, not only is steviafree of calories but it has also been associated with several powerful health benefits. Anton et al. (2010) study found that this type of sugar lowers blood sugar and insulin levels compared to regular sugar, making it a great brown sugar substitute for diabetics.

Maple syrup – Another great brown sugar substitute is maple syrup, which is produced from the sap of the sugar maple tree. It is slightly more nutrient-dense than regular sugar and contains a small number of micronutrients and antioxidants in each serving. It can also be used as a simple substitute for brown sugar in cooking and baking. Just swap out one cup of brown or white sugar for 3/4 cup of maple syrup in your favourite recipes and enjoy.

Monk fruit – This type of sweetener is derived from the monk fruit plant, which is native to Thailand and China. It’s often used as a brown sugar substitute on keto because most varieties are virtually free of calories and carbs. Zhou et al. ( 2009) found that monk fruitextract increases the secretion of insulin, which can help regulate blood sugar levels.

Raw honey – One of the best brown sugar substitutes is honey, which is a sweet substance that is produced by bees. Geldof et al. (2002) study found that honey is a great sourceof antioxidants and flavonoids, which help fight free radical damage to protect against disease. Raw honey is also less processed and is generally free of additives and fillers, which is why it’s one of the best brown sugar substitute options without molasses.

Blackstrap molasses – A simple yet delicious brown sugar substitute is molasses, which is made by boiling raw sugar to produce a highly concentrated, sweet syrup. Blackstrap molasses, in particular, is thick, dark and slightly bitter, which can add an interesting twist to your dishes and desserts.

Take home

Studies have demonstrated the many negative health implications associated with taking too much sugar. Though small amounts of sugar as recommended is good for your health, you should cut it down or do away with it.

This is how:

eat whole, unprocessed foods

drink your attaya or herbal teas without sugars.

Jllian Kubala (2022) also advised that

Swap sodas, energy drinks, juices and sweetened teas for water or unsweetened seltzer.

Drink your coffee black or use a natural alternative for a healthier option.
Sweeten plain yogurt with fresh or frozen berries instead of buying flavoured, sugar-loaded yogurt.

Consume whole fruits instead of sugar-sweetened fruit smoothies.

Replace candy with a home-made trail mix of fruit, nuts and a few dark chocolate chips.

Use olive oil and vinegar in place of sweet salad dressings like honey mustard.

Choose marinades, nut butter, ketchup and marinara sauce with zero added sugars.

Look for cereals, granola and granola bars with under 4 grams of sugar per serving.

Swap your morning cereal for a bowl of rolled oats topped with nut butter and fresh berries, or an omelet made with fresh greens.

Instead of jelly, slice fresh bananas onto your peanut butter sandwich.
Use natural nut butter in place of sweet spreads like Nutella.

Avoid alcoholic beverages that are sweetened with soda, juice, honey, sugar or agave.

Shop the perimeter of the grocery store, focusing on fresh, whole ingredients.

The ultimate advice is that avoid commercial desserts and prepare healthy desserts such as wonjo, nam mburu, chakree, etc., and meals at home; and avoid buying foods and drinks that are high in added sugar. But just in case you still need some sugar, there are several healthy brown sugar substitute options available to help satisfy your sweet tooth.

Some of the best brown sugar substitute options include stevia, maple syrup, monk fruit, raw honey and blackstrap molasses. But avoid any sugar produced from GMO crops, such as the sugar beet plant.